@article {7649,
	title = {The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {PDFxeroxTimes Cited: 42ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 88Kz712},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {341-360},
	abstract = {The structures of animal skeletons converge repeatedly on a limited number of architectural designs that can be constructed by growing organisms and that are functionally viable, although often not optimal. Properties of materials, construction rules that determine patterns of development, and physical constraints exerted by the requirements of function suggest that organic structure must necessarily approach these recurrent elements of design. A set of potential designs for the elements of animal skeletons is derived in terms of geometric and construction rules and the properties of materials. Skeletons of actual living and extinct organisms are matched with the possibilities defined within this theoretical morphospace. This provides a metric of skeletal complexity and of the extent to which var-ious groups of animals have been able to exploit the range of possibilities of organic structure. These analyses show that the most evolutionarily advanced animals within a given phylum do not have the most complex skeletons; that arthropods are less morphologically diverse than vertebrates and molluscs: that the physical constraints of life on land and in the air substantially limit the variety of skeletal structures suitable for life in these environments; and that overall the range of possible sketelal designs has been very fully exploited by living and extinct organisms. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the essential elements of organic design are inherent in the material properties of the universe. The organizational properties of animal skeletons suggest that their design elements are fixed point attractors, structures that we characterize as topological attractors that evolution cannot avoid.},
	keywords = {biology, constraints, evolution, functional morphology, homology, morphogenesis, morphology, natural selection, theoretical morphology},
	url = {<u><Go to ISI>://A1993KZ71200001</u>},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Reif, W. E.}
}
@article {7650,
	title = {Evolutionary exploitation of design options by the first animals with hard skeletons},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {288},
	number = {5469},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 13ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 31315kh},
	month = {MAY 19},
	pages = {1239-1242},
	abstract = {The set of viable design elements available for animals to use in building skeletons has been fully exploited. Analysis of animal skeletons in relation to the multivariate, theoretical "Skeleton Space" has shown that a Large proportion of these options are used in each phylum. Here, we show that structural elements deployed in the skeletons of Burgess Shale animals (Middle Cambrian) incorporate 146 of 182 character pairs defined in this morphospace. Within 15 million years of the appearance of crown groups of phyla with substantial hard parts, at least 80 percent of skeletal design elements recognized among Living and extinct marine metazoans were exploited.},
	keywords = {evolution, functional morphology, molecules},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087112600050},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Shearman, R. M. and Stewart, C. W.}
}
@article {7643,
	title = {Functional morphology, ecology, and evolutionary conservatism in the Glycymerididae (Bivalvia)},
	journal = {Palaeontology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1975},
	note = {xerox},
	pages = {217-254},
	keywords = {adaptation, bivalvia, ecology, evolution, mollusca, ontogeny, shell morphology},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@article {7644,
	title = {Constraints of ligament growth, form and function on evolution in the Arcoida (Mollusca: Bivalvia)},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1976},
	note = {xeroxPDF},
	pages = {64-83},
	keywords = {arcoida, bivalvia, evolution, ligament, mollusca, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@article {7645,
	title = {Limits to opportunism in evolution of Arcoida (Bivalvia)},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B},
	volume = {284},
	number = {1001},
	year = {1978},
	note = {PDFTimes Cited: 11ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 37Fx362},
	pages = {335-344},
	keywords = {adaptation, arcoida, bivalvia, ecology, evolution, functional morphology, ligament, mollusca},
	url = {<u><Go to ISI>://A1978FX36200010</u>},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@article {7646,
	title = {Shell form and ecological range of living and extinct Arcoida},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	year = {1978},
	note = {xeroxPDFTimes Cited: 21ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 0Fa134},
	pages = {181-194},
	keywords = {adaptation, arcoida, bivalvia, ecology, evolution, functional morphology, ligament, mollusca},
	url = {<u><Go to ISI>://A1978FA13400007</u>},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@article {7647,
	title = {Evolutionary convergence of bivalved shells - a comparative analysis of constructional constraints on their morphology},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	note = {Times Cited: 5ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 62Q1620},
	pages = {267-276},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1988Q162000025},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@inbook {7648,
	title = {Growth patterns of noetiid ligaments: implications of developmental models for the origin of an evolutionary novelty among arcoid bivalves},
	booktitle = {The evolutionary biology of the Bivalvia},
	year = {2000},
	note = {xerox},
	pages = {279-289},
	publisher = {The Geological Society},
	organization = {The Geological Society},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {arcoida, bivalvia, evolution, ligament, mollusca, ontogeny, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Madzvamuse, A. and Maini, P. K. and Wathen, A. J.},
	editor = {Harper, E. M. and Taylor, D. J. and Crame, J. A.}
}
