@article {7691,
	title = {Theoretical morphology of hinge and shell form in Bivalvia: geometric constraints derived from space conflict between umbones},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {606-624},
	keywords = {bivalvia, constraints, constructional morphology, ligament, mollusca, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Ubukata, Takao}
}
@article {7693,
	title = {A theoretical morphologic analysis of bivalve ligaments},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {369-380},
	keywords = {bivalvia, ligament, mollusca, morphospace, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Ubukata, Takao}
}
@article {7695,
	title = {Modelling various sculptures in the Cretaceous bivalve <i>Inoceramus hobetsensis</i>},
	journal = {Lethaia},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2000},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {319-329},
	keywords = {bivalvia, inoceramidae, modeling, mollusca, shell sculpture, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Ubukata, Takao and Nakagawa, Yoko}
}
@article {7649,
	title = {The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {47},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {PDFxeroxTimes Cited: 42ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 88Kz712},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {341-360},
	abstract = {The structures of animal skeletons converge repeatedly on a limited number of architectural designs that can be constructed by growing organisms and that are functionally viable, although often not optimal. Properties of materials, construction rules that determine patterns of development, and physical constraints exerted by the requirements of function suggest that organic structure must necessarily approach these recurrent elements of design. A set of potential designs for the elements of animal skeletons is derived in terms of geometric and construction rules and the properties of materials. Skeletons of actual living and extinct organisms are matched with the possibilities defined within this theoretical morphospace. This provides a metric of skeletal complexity and of the extent to which var-ious groups of animals have been able to exploit the range of possibilities of organic structure. These analyses show that the most evolutionarily advanced animals within a given phylum do not have the most complex skeletons; that arthropods are less morphologically diverse than vertebrates and molluscs: that the physical constraints of life on land and in the air substantially limit the variety of skeletal structures suitable for life in these environments; and that overall the range of possible sketelal designs has been very fully exploited by living and extinct organisms. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the essential elements of organic design are inherent in the material properties of the universe. The organizational properties of animal skeletons suggest that their design elements are fixed point attractors, structures that we characterize as topological attractors that evolution cannot avoid.},
	keywords = {biology, constraints, evolution, functional morphology, homology, morphogenesis, morphology, natural selection, theoretical morphology},
	url = {<u><Go to ISI>://A1993KZ71200001</u>},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Reif, W. E.}
}
@article {7644,
	title = {Constraints of ligament growth, form and function on evolution in the Arcoida (Mollusca: Bivalvia)},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1976},
	note = {xeroxPDF},
	pages = {64-83},
	keywords = {arcoida, bivalvia, evolution, ligament, mollusca, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K.}
}
@inbook {7648,
	title = {Growth patterns of noetiid ligaments: implications of developmental models for the origin of an evolutionary novelty among arcoid bivalves},
	booktitle = {The evolutionary biology of the Bivalvia},
	year = {2000},
	note = {xerox},
	pages = {279-289},
	publisher = {The Geological Society},
	organization = {The Geological Society},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {arcoida, bivalvia, evolution, ligament, mollusca, ontogeny, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Madzvamuse, A. and Maini, P. K. and Wathen, A. J.},
	editor = {Harper, E. M. and Taylor, D. J. and Crame, J. A.}
}
@article {7389,
	title = {C programs for displaying shaded three-dimensional objects on a PC},
	journal = {Computers \& Geosciences},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {195-209},
	keywords = {mollusca, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Savazzi, E.}
}
@article {7390,
	title = {C++ classes for theoretical shell morphology},
	journal = {Computers \& Geosciences},
	volume = {19},
	number = {7},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {931-964},
	keywords = {mollusca, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Savazzi, E.}
}
@article {6910,
	title = {Analysis of the shell torsion phenomenon in the Bivalvia},
	journal = {Lethaia},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {315-329},
	keywords = {arcidae, bakevelliidae, bivalvia, ecology, fossils, functional morphology, mollusca, morphogenesis, paleontology, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {McGhee, George R., Jr}
}
@book {6911,
	title = {Theoretical morphology: the concept and its applications},
	series = {Perspectives in Paleobiology and Earth History},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {316},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {constructional morphology, evolution, morphospace, paleontology, theoretical morphology},
	isbn = {0-231-10616-5 (alk. paper)0-231-10617-3 (pbk.: alk paper)},
	author = {McGhee, George R., Jr},
	editor = {Bottjer, David J. and Bambach, Richard K.}
}
@article {6440,
	title = {Models for the morphogenesis of the molluscan shell},
	journal = {Lethaia},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2005},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {111-122},
	keywords = {ammonites, modeling, mollusca, morphogenesis, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Hammer, {\O}yvind and Bucher, Hugo}
}
@article {6374,
	title = {The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4},
	year = {1991},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {411-423},
	keywords = {constraints, evolution, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Gould, S. J.}
}
@inbook {6216,
	title = {Developmental and non-developmental morphospaces in evolutionary biology},
	booktitle = {Morphospace concepts and applications},
	volume = {XXX},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {XXX},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	keywords = {development, disparity, evolution, fossil record, morphospace, ontogeny, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Eble, Gunther J.},
	editor = {Chapman, R. E. and Rasskin-Gutman, D. and Wills, M. A.}
}
@article {6003,
	title = {Mechanics of sculpture formation in <i>Magadiceramus? rangatira rangatira</i> (Inoceramidae, Bivalvia) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand},
	journal = {Lethaia},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2002},
	note = {PDF},
	pages = {279{\textendash}290},
	keywords = {bivalvia, growth, inoceramidae, microstructure, mollusca, ontogeny, shell morphology, theoretical morphology},
	author = {Checa, Antonio G. and Crampton, James S.}
}
