@article {7649, title = {The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, note = {PDFxeroxTimes Cited: 42ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 88Kz712}, month = {APR}, pages = {341-360}, abstract = {The structures of animal skeletons converge repeatedly on a limited number of architectural designs that can be constructed by growing organisms and that are functionally viable, although often not optimal. Properties of materials, construction rules that determine patterns of development, and physical constraints exerted by the requirements of function suggest that organic structure must necessarily approach these recurrent elements of design. A set of potential designs for the elements of animal skeletons is derived in terms of geometric and construction rules and the properties of materials. Skeletons of actual living and extinct organisms are matched with the possibilities defined within this theoretical morphospace. This provides a metric of skeletal complexity and of the extent to which var-ious groups of animals have been able to exploit the range of possibilities of organic structure. These analyses show that the most evolutionarily advanced animals within a given phylum do not have the most complex skeletons; that arthropods are less morphologically diverse than vertebrates and molluscs: that the physical constraints of life on land and in the air substantially limit the variety of skeletal structures suitable for life in these environments; and that overall the range of possible sketelal designs has been very fully exploited by living and extinct organisms. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the essential elements of organic design are inherent in the material properties of the universe. The organizational properties of animal skeletons suggest that their design elements are fixed point attractors, structures that we characterize as topological attractors that evolution cannot avoid.}, keywords = {biology, constraints, evolution, functional morphology, homology, morphogenesis, morphology, natural selection, theoretical morphology}, url = {://A1993KZ71200001}, author = {Thomas, R. D. K. and Reif, W. E.} } @inbook {7503, title = {The design argument}, booktitle = {The Blackwell companion to philosophy of religion}, year = {2004}, note = {PDF}, keywords = {biology, evolution, intelligent design, maximum likelihood, philosophy, religion}, author = {Sober, Elliot}, editor = {Mann, W.} } @book {7367, title = {Evolving hierarchical systems: their structure and representation}, year = {1985}, pages = {343}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, keywords = {biology, evolution, evolutionary theory, hierarchy, network, philosophy}, isbn = {0-231-06016-5}, author = {Salthe, Stanley N.} } @article {6945, title = {Biology and comparative anatomy of Divariscintilla yoyo and D. troglodytes, two new species of Galeommatidae (Bivalvia) from stomatopod burrows in eastern Florida}, journal = {Malacologia}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {175-195}, keywords = {anatomy, biology, bivalvia, galeommatidae, mollusca, taxonomy}, author = {Mikkelsen, Paula M. and Bieler, R{\"u}diger} } @article {6832, title = {A history of the pearl oyster fishery in the Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama}, journal = {Marine Fisheries Review}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, note = {PDF}, pages = {58{\textendash}65}, keywords = {biogeography, biology, bivalvia, ecology, embryology, mollusca, ontogeny, perliculture, pinctada, pinctada margaritifera, pteriidae, pterioida, pterioidea, shell morphology}, author = {MacKenzie, C. L., Jr.} } @article {6833, title = {History of the Atlantic pearl-oyster, Pinctata imbricata, industry in Venezuela and Colombia, with biological and ecological observations}, journal = {Marine Fisheries Review}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, year = {Submitted}, note = {PDF}, pages = {1-20}, keywords = {biogeography, biology, bivalvia, ecology, embryology, mollusca, ontogeny, perliculture, pinctada, pinctada imbricata, pteriidae, pterioida, pterioidea, shell morphology}, author = {MacKenzie, C. L., Jr. and Troccoli, Luis and Le{\'o}n, Luis B.} } @article {6531, title = {The Indian pearl fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay}, journal = {Madras Fisheries Bulletin}, volume = {16}, year = {1922}, note = {Have 114-129}, pages = {1-188}, keywords = {anatomy, biology, bivalvia, development, ecology, electroma, mollusca, ontogeny, pearliculture, pinctada, pinctada imbricata, pteriidae, pterioidea}, author = {Hornell, James} } @article {5860, title = {Sanitation with sponge and plunger: western Atlantic slit-wormsnails (Mollusca : Caenogastropoda : Siliquariidae)}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {140}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {Times Cited: 0ReviewEnglishCited References Count: 113807lb}, month = {MAR}, pages = {307-333}, abstract = {Siliquariid Tenagodus (synonym: Siliquaria) snails are obligatory sponge commensals, with uncoiling and laterally slitted shells embedded inside Demospongiae hosts, and shell apertures facing the outside allowing for respiratory and gill-filter-feeding activities. Live-collected animals observed in situ within hosts provide the first detailed functional morphological study of the group, and form the basis for systematic revision of the western Atlantic members of type genus Tenagodus (Siliquariidae, synonym: Tenagodidae). Three species are recognized. Overall anatomical features of wide-ranging Atlantic T. modestus (Dall, 1881) and T. squamatus (de Blainville, 1827) [ = T. anguillae Morch, 18611 are similar to those previously described for New Zealand Pyxipoma. A third species, Tenagodus barbadensis sp. nov., is described from Barbados, based on shell characters. The three species live embedded in a few species of halichondriid and thrombid sponges at depths ranging from c. 20 to several hundred metres and show several characters not previously documented for the family. These include a short compressed-S-shaped osphradium, an anal opening positioned in the posterior mantle cavity, and cuspidate inner marginal radular teeth. Presence of shell septa sealing earlier parts of the shell, first described in the early 1800s but subsequently disputed, was verified. Observations on living T squamatus demonstrated the use of the large tight-fitting operculum in plunger-like fashion, flushing the mantle cavity and discharging waste material (including faeces from the posteriorly located anus) through the shell slit into the host sponge{\textquoteright}s aquiferous canal system. Uncoiling shells, shell and mantle slits, and specialized opercular, gill and gut morphology are interpreted as adaptive traits of the sessile mode of life embedded in sponge tissue. Actively maintained linkage between snail and sponge water-flow systems provides mutual benefits; these include the allowance for rapid defensive withdrawal and return-to-feeding position of the snail (by using the sponge canal system as a vent or reservoir for displaced water), sanitation of the mantle cavity (waste material can leave the snail through the shell slit at the posterior end of the mantle cavity, avoiding fouling of the gill-feeding system), and by providing increased water flow and, potentially, extra nutritional particles for the sponge (food and waste particles stemming from the snail{\textquoteright}s activity). The lectotypes selected herein are Serpula anguina Linnaeus, 1758, Tenagodus anguillae Morch, 1861, and Siliquaria modesta Dall, 1881. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.}, keywords = {anatomy, biology, cerithioidea, commensalism, gastropoda, gastropods, morphology, mutualism, porifera, sessility, systematics, taxonomy, turritellidae}, url = {://000220501900001}, author = {Bieler, R.} } @article {5780, title = {Curious parallels and curious connections: phylogenetic thinking in biology and historical linguistics}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {PDF}, pages = {513-526}, keywords = {biology, linguistics, phylogenetics}, author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Gray, Russell D.} } @article {5730, title = {Some notes on the life history of Margaritifera panasesae}, journal = {Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology)}, volume = {29}, year = {1906}, note = {DO NAT HAVE}, pages = {410-413}, keywords = {biology, bivalvia, ecology, mollusca, pinctada, pteriidae, pterioidea}, author = {Allen, A. W.} }