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Skeletons of actual living and extinct organisms are matched with the possibilities defined within this theoretical morphospace. This provides a metric of skeletal complexity and of the extent to which var-ious groups of animals have been able to exploit the range of possibilities of organic structure. These analyses show that the most evolutionarily advanced animals within a given phylum do not have the most complex skeletons; that arthropods are less morphologically diverse than vertebrates and molluscs: that the physical constraints of life on land and in the air substantially limit the variety of skeletal structures suitable for life in these environments; and that overall the range of possible sketelal designs has been very fully exploited by living and extinct organisms. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the essential elements of organic design are inherent in the material properties of the universe. 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